Evaluation of the CRUSADE Risk Score for Predicting Major Bleeding in Patients with Concomitant Kidney Dysfunction and Acute Coronary Syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Kidney dysfunction (KD) has been associated with increased risk for major bleeding (MB) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and may be in part related to an underuse of evidence-based therapies. Our aim was to assess the predictive ability of the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines (CRUSADE) risk score in patients with concomitant ACS and chronic kidney disease. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective registry including 1,587 ACS patients. In-hospital MB was prospectively recorded according to the CRUSADE and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. KD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. RESULTS: The predictive ability of the CRUSADE risk score was assessed by discrimination and calibration analyses. A total of 465 (29%) subjects had KD. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, we found high CRUSADE risk score values to be associated with a higher rate of in-hospital MB; however, among patients with KD, it was not associated with BARC MB. Regardless of the MB definition, the predictive ability of the CRUSADE score in patients with KD was lower: area under the curve (AUC) 0.71 versus 0.79, p = 0.03 for CRUSADE MB and AUC 0.65 versus 0.75, p = 0.02 for BARC MB. Hosmer-Lemeshow analyses showed a good calibration in all renal function subgroups for both MB definitions (all p values >0.3). CONCLUSIONS: The CRUSADE risk score shows a lower accuracy for predicting in-hospital MB in KD patients compared to those without KD.

Comparison of Risk Prediction With the CKD-EPI and MDRD Equations in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) more accurately than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. HYPOTHESIS: New CKD-EPI equations improve risk stratification in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and provide complementary information to the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. METHODS: We studied 350 subjects (mean age, 68 ± 12 years; 70% male) with NSTE-ACS. Estimated GFR was calculated using the MDRD and new CKD-EPI equations based on serum creatinine (SCr) and/or cystatin C (CysC) concentrations obtained within 48 hours of hospital admission. The primary endpoint was all-cause death during follow-up. RESULTS: Over the study period (median, 648 days [interquartile range, 236-1042 days]), 31 patients died (0.05% events per person-year). Decedents had poorer renal-function parameters (P < 0.001). Both CysC-based CKD-EPI equations had the highest areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prediction of all-cause mortality. After multivariate adjustment, only CysC-based CKD-EPI equations were independent predictors of all-cause mortality (CKD-EPISCr - CysC , per mL/min/1.73 m(2) : hazard ratio: 0.975, 95% confidence interval: 0.956-0.994, P = 0.009; CKD-EPICysC , per mL/min/1.73 m(2) : hazard ratio: 0.976, 95% confidence interval: 0.959-0.993, P = 0.005). Reclassification analyses showed that only CysC-based CKD-EPI equations improved predictive accuracy of the GRACE risk score. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NSTE-ACS, CysC-based CKD-EPI equations improved clinical risk stratification for mortality and added complementary prognostic information to the GRACE risk score.

Comparison of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Risk Score Versus the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital Mortality and Major Bleeding in Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Risk assessment plays a major role in the management of acute coronary syndrome. The aim was to compare the performance of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) and the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress Adverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Asociation guidelines (CRUSADE) risk scores to predict in-hospital mortality and major bleeding (MB) in 1,587 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome. In-hospital deaths and bleeding complications were prospectively collected. Bleeding complications were defined according to CRUSADE and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. During the hospitalization, 71 patients (4.5%) died, 37 patients (2.3%) had BARC MB and 34 patients (2.1%) had CRUSADE MB. Receiver operating characteristic curves analyses showed GRACE risk score has better discrimination capacity than CRUSADE risk score for both, mortality (0.86 vs 0.79; p = 0.018) and BARC MB (0.80 vs 0.73; p = 0.028), but similar for CRUSADE MB (0.79 vs 0.79; p = 0.921). Both scores had low discrimination for predicting MB in the elderly (>75 years) and patients with atrial fibrillation, whereas CRUSADE risk score was especially poor for predicting MB in patients with <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) or those treated with new antiplatelets. Reclassification analyses showed GRACE risk score was associated with a significant improvement in the predictive accuracy of CRUSADE risk score for predicting mortality (net reclassification improvement: 22.5%; p <0.001) and MB (net reclassification improvement: 17.6%; p = 0.033) but not for CRUSADE MB. In conclusion, GRACE risk score has a better predictive performance for predicting both in-hospital mortality and BARC MB. In light of these findings, we propose the GRACE score as a single score to predict these in-hospital complications.

Comparison between type-2 and type-1 myocardial infarction: clinical features, treatment strategies and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the differences in incidence, clinical features, current treatment strategies and outcome in patients with type-2 vs. type-1 acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We included 824 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of type-1 or type-2 AMI. During index hospitalization, clinical features and treatment strategies were collected in detail. At 1-year follow-up, mortality, stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction and major bleeding were recorded. RESULTS: Type-1 AMI was present in 707 (86%) of the cases while 117 (14%) were classified as type-2. Patients with type-2 AMI were more frequently female and had higher co-morbidities such as diabetes, previous non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, impaired renal function, anaemia, atrial fibrillation and malignancy. However, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and normal coronary arteries were more frequently seen, an invasive treatment was less common, and anti-platelet medications, statins and beta-blockers were less prescribed in patients with type-2 AMI. At 1-year follow-up, type-2 AMI was associated with a higher crude mortality risk (HR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.14-2.68; P = 0.001), but this association did not remain significant after multivariable adjustment (P = 0.785). Furthermore, we did not find type-2 AMI to be associated with other clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-life population, compared with type-1, type-2 AMI were predominantly women and had more co-morbidities. Invasive treatment strategies and cardioprotective medications were less used in type-2, while the 1-year clinical outcomes were similar.

Major bleeding risk prediction using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations in acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations estimate glomerular filtration rate more accurately than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. Our aim was to evaluate whether CKD-EPI equations based on serum creatinine and/or cystatin C (CysC) predict risk for major bleeding (MB) more accurately than the MDRD Study equation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and fifty consecutive subjects with non-ST-segment elevation ACS (68 ± 12 years, 70% male) were studied. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the CKD-EPI and MDRD Study equations. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of MB during the follow-up, which was defined according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Definition criteria as bleeding types 3-5. RESULTS: During the median follow-up of 589 days (interquartile range, 390-986), 27 patients had MB (0.04% events per person year). Patients with MB had worse kidney function parameters, regardless of the estimating equation used (P < 0.001). After multivariate Cox regression adjustment, both CysC-based CKD-EPI equations were independent predictors of MB (CKD-EPI(creatinine-cystatin) C per mL/min/1.73 m(2), HR = 0.973 (95%CI 0.955-0.991; P = 0.003) and CKD-EPI(cystatin) C per mL/min/1.73 m(2), HR = 0.976 (95%CI 0.976-0.992; P = 0.003), while the CKD-EPI(creatinine) and MDRD equations did not achieve statistical significance. Both CKD-EPI(creatine-cystatin) C and CKD-EPI(cystatin) C were associated with a significant improvement in MB risk reclassification. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of non-ST-segment elevation ACS patients with relatively preserved renal function, both CysC-based CKD-EPI equations improved ability to predict risk for MB and were superior to other equations for this application.

Lone atrial fibrillation - a diagnosis of exclusion.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance, increasing prevalence with age, in particular in patients with cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, a subset of patients with AF being <60 years old and no evidence of underlying cardiovascular disease, and laboratory tests including thyroid function, echocardiography and exercise" test is well described. This is the called lone AF, where there is no previous cardiovascular disease, and the etiology is unknown. However, in the last years, some new factors have been related to play a role or be associated to incident AF. Conditions such as obesity, sleep apnea, alcohol intake, exercise practice, or genetic factors are associated with the development of this common arrhythmia and make the exclusion diagnosis of lone AF more complicated. The aim of the present manuscript is to provide an overview of these new risk factors for AF, which are becoming of special interest in the study of this common arrhythmia.

Amplitud de distribución eritrocitaria y enfermedad coronaria. Respuesta / Red cell distribution width and coronary artery disease. Response

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Ancho de distribución eritrocitaria y predicción adicional del riesgo de hemorragia mayor en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST / Red Cell Distribution Width and Additive Risk Prediction for Major Bleeding in Non-ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Introducción y objetivos El ancho de distribución eritrocitaria se ha relacionado con incremento del riesgo hemorrágico intrahospitalario en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST. Sin embargo, se desconoce su utilidad para predecir complicaciones hemorrágicas tras el ingreso hospitalario. El objetivo fue evaluar el papel complementario del ancho de distribución eritrocitaria sobre la escala CRUSADE en la predicción del riesgo a largo plazo de hemorragias en estos pacientes. Métodos Se midió el ancho de distribución eritrocitaria al ingreso en 293 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST; a todos se les dio seguimiento clínico y se registró la aparición de hemorragias mayores, definidas según los criterios del Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Resultados Durante un seguimiento de 782 [intervalo intercuartílico, 510-1.112] días, 30 pacientes (10,2%) presentaron eventos hemorrágicos. El análisis por cuartiles reveló un incremento abrupto de hemorragias a partir del cuarto cuartil (> 14,9%; p = 0,001). Tras el análisis multivariable, el ancho de distribución eritrocitaria >14,9% se asoció con mayor riesgo de eventos (hazard ratio=2,67; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,17-6,10; p = 0,02). Los pacientes con valores ≤ 14,9% y CRUSADE ≤ 40 presentaron las menores tasas de hemorragias, mientras que los pacientes con valores >14,9% y CRUSADE >40 puntos (alto y muy alto riesgo) presentaron las mayores (log rank test, p < 0,001). Además, la adición del ancho de distribución eritrocitaria a la escala CRUSADE para predecir hemorragias mostró tasas de mejora integrada del 5,2% (p < 0,001) y de reclasificación del 10% (p = 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Los valores elevados del ancho de distribución eritrocitaria se asocian a mayor riesgo hemorrágico y aportan información adicional a la escala CRUSADE

Introduction and objectives Red cell distribution width has been linked to an increased risk for in-hospital bleeding in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. However, its usefulness for predicting bleeding complications beyond the hospitalization period remains unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the complementary value of red cell distribution width and the CRUSADE scale to predict long-term bleeding risk in these patients. Methods Red cell distribution width was measured at admission in 293 patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. All patients were clinically followed up and major bleeding events were recorded (defined according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Definition criteria). Results During a follow-up of 782 days [interquartile range, 510-1112 days], events occurred in 30 (10.2%) patients. Quartile analyses showed an abrupt increase in major bleedings at the fourth red cell distribution width quartile (> 14.9%; P = .001). After multivariate adjustment, red cell distribution width >14.9% was associated with higher risk of events (hazard ratio = 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-6.10; P=.02). Patients with values≤14.9% and a CRUSADE score≤40 had the lowest events rate, while patients with values >14.9% and a CRUSADE score >40 points (high and very high risk) had the highest rate of bleeding (log rank test, P<.001). Further, the addition of red cell distribution width to the CRUSADE score for the prediction of major bleeding had a significant integrated discrimination improvement of 5.2% (P<.001) and a net reclassification improvement of 10% (P=.001). Conclusions: In non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients, elevated red cell distribution width is predictive of increased major bleeding risk and provides additional information to the CRUSADE scale

Red cell distribution width and additive risk prediction for major bleeding in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Red cell distribution width has been linked to an increased risk for in-hospital bleeding in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. However, its usefulness for predicting bleeding complications beyond the hospitalization period remains unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the complementary value of red cell distribution width and the CRUSADE scale to predict long-term bleeding risk in these patients. METHODS: Red cell distribution width was measured at admission in 293 patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. All patients were clinically followed up and major bleeding events were recorded (defined according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Definition criteria). RESULTS: During a follow-up of 782 days [interquartile range, 510-1112 days], events occurred in 30 (10.2%) patients. Quartile analyses showed an abrupt increase in major bleedings at the fourth red cell distribution width quartile (> 14.9%; P=.001). After multivariate adjustment, red cell distribution width >14.9% was associated with higher risk of events (hazard ratio=2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-6.10; P=.02). Patients with values ≤ 14.9% and a CRUSADE score ≤ 40 had the lowest events rate, while patients with values >14.9% and a CRUSADE score >40 points (high and very high risk) had the highest rate of bleeding (log rank test, P<.001). Further, the addition of red cell distribution width to the CRUSADE score for the prediction of major bleeding had a significant integrated discrimination improvement of 5.2% (P<.001) and a net reclassification improvement of 10% (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: In non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients, elevated red cell distribution width is predictive of increased major bleeding risk and provides additional information to the CRUSADE scale.

¿Por qué debemos estratificar el riesgo hemorrágico junto con el isquémico en el síndrome coronario agudo? / Why do we take into account the risk of both bleeding and ischemia in acute coronary syndrome

Actualmente, se considera al sangrado un evento pronóstico importante en el manejo del síndrome coronario agudo, relativamente frecuente comparado con los eventos isquémicos, y que tiene implicaciones importantes para el pronóstico, los resultados y los costes. Hay evidencia de que los pacientes que sufren un sangrado mayor en la fase aguda tienen mayor riesgo de muerte en los meses siguientes, aunque la naturaleza causal de esta relación todavía está en discusión. El objetivo de esta revisión es resumir el conocimiento actual sobre la importancia de la estratificación del riesgo de sangrado en el síndrome coronario agudo, así como proporcionar una perspectiva personal sobre las estrategias necesarias para minimizar la incidencia, la extensión y las consecuencias de la hemorragia (AU)

Bleeding is now regarded as a key event in the management of acute coronary syndrome. It occurs relatively frequently compared with ischemic events and has important implications for prognosis, treatment outcomes and cost. There is evidence that patients who experience a major bleeding event in the acute phase are at higher risk of death in subsequent months, though the causal nature of the relationship has still to be established. The aims of this review were to summarize what is currently known about the importance of bleeding risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome and to provide a personal perspective on therapeutic strategies for minimizing the incidence, extent and consequences of bleeding (AU)

Interleucina 6 y proteína C reactiva ultrasensible para la predicción de la evolución clínica en síndromes coronarios agudos sin elevación del segmento ST / Interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for the Prediction of outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

Introducción y objetivos. Las concentraciones basales de interleucina 6 y proteína C reactiva elevadas comportan un aumento del riesgo de muerte en el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. El objetivo del estudio es delucidar si las determinaciones seriadas de interleucina 6 y proteína C reactiva ultrasensible aportan información pronóstica adicional a las determinaciones basales para la estratificación del riesgo a largo plazo de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Métodos. Se incluyó prospectivamente en el estudio a 216 pacientes consecutivos con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre en un plazo de 24 h tras el ingreso en el hospital y a los 30 días de seguimiento. La variable de valoración principal fue la combinación de muerte por todas las causas, infarto de miocardio no mortal e insuficiencia cardiaca aguda descompensada. Resultados. Las concentraciones tanto de interleucina 6 como de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible se redujeron del día 1 al día 30, con independencia de los eventos adversos aparecidos (p < 0,001 en ambos casos). Los valores de interleucina 6 en los dos momentos de valoración (día 1, por pg/ml; hazard ratio = 1,006; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,002-1,010; p = 0,002; día 30, por pg/ml; hazard ratio = 1,047; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,021-1,075; p < 0,001) fueron predictores independientes de eventos adversos, pero no los de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible del día 1 y el día 30. Los pacientes con interleucina 6 el día 1 <= 8,24 pg/ml y el día 30 <= 4,45 pg/ml fueron los que presentaron la tasa de eventos adversos más baja (4,7%), mientras que los pacientes con valores superiores a la mediana de ambos parámetros fueron los que tuvieron la tasa de eventos adversos más alta (35%). Después de la adición de la interleucina 6 del día 30 al modelo multivariable, el índice C aumentó de 0,71 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,63-0,78) a 0,80 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,72-0,86, p = 0,042) y la mejora neta de la reclasificación fue de 0,39 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,14-0,64; p = 0,002). Conclusiones. En esta población, tanto la concentración de interleucina 6 como la de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible se reducen tras la fase aguda. La determinación de las concentraciones de interleucina 6 en muestras seriadas mejora la estratificación pronóstica del riesgo en estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction and objectives. High baseline levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein confer an increased risk of mortality in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. The aim of the study was to determine whether serial measurements of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein provide additional information to baseline measurements for risk stratification of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Methods. Two hundred and sixteen consecutive patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were prospectively included. Blood samples were obtained within 24h of hospital admission and at 30 days of follow-up. The endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or acute decompensated heart failure. Results. Both interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels decreased from day 1 to day 30, regardless of adverse events (both P<.001). Interleukin-6 levels at 2 time points (interleukin-6 day 1, per pg/mL; hazard ratio=1.006, 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.010; P=.002 and interleukin-6 day 30, per pg/mL, hazard ratio=1.047, 95% confidence interval, 1.021-1.075, P<.001) were independent predictors of adverse events, whereas high-sensitivity C-reactive protein day 1 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein day 30 levels were not. Patients with interleukin-6 day 1<=8.24 pg/mL and interleukin-6 day 30<=4.45 pg/mL had the lowest event rates (4.7%), whereas those with both above the median values had the highest event rates (35%). After addition of interleukin-6 day 30 to the multivariate model, C-index increased from 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.78) to 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.86), P=.042, and net reclassification improvement was 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.64; P=.002). Conclusions. In this population, both interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations decreased after the acute phase. Serial samples of interleukin-6 concentrations improved the prognostic risk stratification of these patients (AU)

Interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for the prediction of outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: High baseline levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein confer an increased risk of mortality in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. The aim of the study was to determine whether serial measurements of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein provide additional information to baseline measurements for risk stratification of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen consecutive patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were prospectively included. Blood samples were obtained within 24 h of hospital admission and at 30 days of follow-up. The endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or acute decompensated heart failure. RESULTS: Both interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels decreased from day 1 to day 30, regardless of adverse events (both P<.001). Interleukin-6 levels at 2 time points (interleukin-6 day 1, per pg/mL; hazard ratio=1.006, 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.010; P=.002 and interleukin-6 day 30, per pg/mL, hazard ratio=1.047, 95% confidence interval, 1.021-1.075, P<.001) were independent predictors of adverse events, whereas high-sensitivity C-reactive protein day 1 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein day 30 levels were not. Patients with interleukin-6 day 1≤8.24 pg/mL and interleukin-6 day 30≤4.45 pg/mL had the lowest event rates (4.7%), whereas those with both above the median values had the highest event rates (35%). After addition of interleukin-6 day 30 to the multivariate model, C-index increased from 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.78) to 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.86), P=.042, and net reclassification improvement was 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.64; P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, both interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations decreased after the acute phase. Serial samples of interleukin-6 concentrations improved the prognostic risk stratification of these patients.

Usefulness of ß-trace protein and cystatin C for the prediction of mortality in non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Beta-trace protein (BTP) is a low-molecular mass protein belonging to the lipocalin protein family, which is more sensitive than serum creatinine for detecting impaired renal function. The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether plasma BTP improves the risk stratification of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and to compare it to cystatin C (CysC), serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Two hundred twenty-six consecutive patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes were prospectively included. Blood samples were obtained within 24 hours of hospital admission to measure BTP, CysC, and creatinine. The study end point was all-cause death. Over a median follow-up period of 859 days (interquartile range [IQR] 524 to 1,164), 24 patients (10.6%) died. Decedents had higher concentrations of BTP (1.03 mg/L [IQR 0.89 to 1.43] vs 0.74 mg/L [IQR 0.61 to 0.92], p <0.001), CysC (1.16 mg/L [IQR 0.91 to 1.59] vs 0.90 mg/L [IQR 0.76 to 1.08], p = 0.001), and serum creatinine (1.10 mg/L [IQR 0.87 to 1.46] vs 0.94 mg/L [IQR 0.80 to 1.10], p = 0.004) and a lower mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (60 ± 20 vs 80 ± 24 ml/min/1.73 m(2), p <0.001). After multivariate adjustment, BTP and CysC were predictors of all-cause death, while estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine concentrations did not achieve statistical significance. In stratified analyses according to kidney function, elevated BTP and CysC were associated with a higher risk for all-cause death. Reclassification analyses showed that BTP and CysC added complementary information to Global Registry for Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. In conclusion, BTP and CysC levels were associated with all-cause death risk and modestly improved prognostic discrimination beyond the GRACE risk score in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Mild kidney disease as a risk factor for major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary stenting.

Bleeding risk is increased in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and moderate to severe kidney disease (KD); however, the implication of mild KD on bleeding remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of mild KD increases risk for major bleeding (MB) in patients with AF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation (PCI-S). Two hundred eighty-five patients were included. Patients were classified into three kidney function groups: moderate to severe KD (n=91; <60 ml/min/1.73 m²), mild KD (n=139; 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m²) and non-KD (n=55; ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m²). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Patients were followed for one year, and the occurrence of MB was obtained in all. A total of 28 patients (9.8%) presented MB. MB complications examined as a function of KD groups revealed that there was a graded increase in MB with worsening renal function (non KD=1.8%, mild KD=7.9%, moderate to severe KD=17.6%; p <0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that mild KD was associated with nearly a 2.5-fold (2.43 95% confidence interval 1.11-5.34, p=0.039) increase in the risk of MB as compared with non-KD patients. Other independent predictors of MB were moderate-severe KD, anaemia and triple antithrombotic therapy after PCI-S (C-index=0.76). In this population, mild KD confers a significantly increase in the risk for MB complications. Future studies should assess the potential role of incorporating mild KD into the bleeding risk scales to improve the stratification of these patients.